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在正常心臟中,脫氧血液從身體流經上腔靜脈和下腔靜脈進入右心房。
然后,被稱為前負荷的血液進入右心室,右心室收縮,將血液送出心臟,進入肺部,清除二氧化碳并收集氧氣。
含氧血液從肺部進入左心房,然后進入左心室,左心室收縮,將含氧血液送出心臟,進入全身循環,抵御稱為后負荷的阻力。
當心臟無法泵出足夠的血液來滿足自身或身體的需要時,就會被診斷為心力衰竭。
左側心力衰竭時,左心室不能泵出足夠量的含氧血液進入體循環
左側心力衰竭會導致肺充血,肺組織中的血液和液體積聚,從而影響呼吸。
為了應對低氧水平,心率會加快,以補償左心室的衰弱狀態并滿足身體對氧的需求,久而久之會導致心肌增厚或肥大,因為心肌要努力將血液推出心臟,對抗肺血管中不斷增加的壓力和肺中的液體,并繼續心肌損傷的循環。
右側心力衰竭時,右心室無法以足夠的力量收縮,使足夠的血液通過肺動脈到達肺部供氧
右側心力衰竭會導致血液在靜脈循環中積聚,引起全身水腫
由于缺乏足夠的血流量,腎臟無法過濾血液中過多的鈉和水,從而導致體液失衡和血管阻力增加,心臟必須對其進行泵血。
其結果是心臟過度勞累的組織長期受損
心力衰竭的治療包括改變飲食和運動等生活方式、藥物治療、手術治療或多種方法的綜合治療
右側心力衰竭的治療通常以改善左側心臟功能為目標
心力衰竭時,體液量的增加會給負荷過重的心臟增加壓力
利尿藥通過抑制腎臟腎小管系統對鈉和水的重吸收,增加尿液中鈉和水的排泄量以及尿量,從而減少液體容量和靜脈回流。
ACE 抑制劑可阻斷腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統中的激素,從而擴張血管,降低血容量和靜脈回流,減輕心臟的工作負荷,阻止心室肥大。
地高辛是一種通過提高細胞內鈉和鈣濃度來增加心肌收縮力的藥物。
為了補償心衰時心輸出量的減少,交感神經系統會釋放去甲腎上腺素,從而提高過度勞累的心臟的心率和收縮力。
β-受體阻滯劑可與去甲腎上腺素分子競爭心肌細胞上的結合位點,阻止去甲腎上腺素的作用,從而降低收縮的速度和強度,支持更有效的體內循環。

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In the normal heart
在正常心臟中,
deoxygenated blood flows from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava into the right atrium
脫氧血液從身體流經上腔靜脈和下腔靜脈進入右心房·
The blood a volume known as preload then moves into the right ventricle
然后,被稱為前負荷的血液進入右心室,右心室收縮,
which contracts and sends blood out of the heart and into the lungs to remove carbon dioxide and collect oxygen
將血液送出心臟,進入肺部,清除二氧化碳并收集氧氣·
Oxygenated blood moves from the lungs into the left atrium
含氧血液從肺部進入左心房,
then moves into the left ventricle which contracts and propels oxygenated blood out of the heart
然后進入左心室,左心室收縮,將含氧血液送出心臟,
and into the systemic circulation against resistance known as after load
進入全身循環,抵御稱為后負荷的阻力·
When the heart losses its ability to pump enough blood to meet its needs or those of the body
當心臟無法泵出足夠的血液來滿足自身或身體的需要時,
the diagnosis is heart failure
就會被診斷為心力衰竭·
In left sided heart failure
左側心力衰竭時,
the left ventricle does not pump an adequate volume of oxygenated blood into the systemic circulation
左心室不能泵出足夠量的含氧血液進入體循環
Left sided heart failure causes pulmonary congestion
左側心力衰竭會導致肺充血,
a buildup of blood and fluid in the lung tissues that interferes with respiration
肺組織中的血液和液體積聚,從而影響呼吸·
In response to the low levels of oxygen
為了應對低氧水平,
the heart rate increases to compensate for the left ventricle's weakened state and to meet the body's oxygen demands
心率會加快,以補償左心室的衰弱狀態并滿足身體對氧的需求,
which in time leads to thickening or hypertrophy of the myocardium
久而久之會導致心肌增厚或肥大,
as it labors to push blood out of the heart
因為心肌要努力將血液推出心臟,
against the increasing pressure in the pulmonary vessels and fluid in the lungs
對抗肺血管中不斷增加的壓力和肺中的液體,
and continuing the cycle of cardiac muscle damage
并繼續心肌損傷的循環·
In right sided heart failure
右側心力衰竭時,
the right ventricle is unable to contract with enough force
右心室無法以足夠的力量收縮,
to drive enough blood through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs for oxygenation
使足夠的血液通過肺動脈到達肺部供氧
Right sided heart failure results in a buildup of blood in the venous circulation
右側心力衰竭會導致血液在靜脈循環中積聚,
causing fluid retention called edema throughout the body
引起全身水腫
Deprived of sufficient blood flow
由于缺乏足夠的血流量,
the kidneys fail to filter excessive sodium and water from the blood
腎臟無法過濾血液中過多的鈉和水,
leading to a fluid imbalance and increased vascular resistance against which the heart must pump
從而導致體液失衡和血管阻力增加,心臟必須對其進行泵血·
The result is perpetual damage to the heart's overworked tissues
其結果是心臟過度勞累的組織長期受損
Treatment for heart failure involves changes in lifestyle
心力衰竭的治療包括改變生活方式
such as diet and exercise medication surgery or a combination of approaches
例如飲食和運動、藥物治療、手術治療或多種方法的綜合治療
Commonly therapies for right sided heart failure are geared toward improving left sided cardiac function
右側心力衰竭的治療通常以改善左側心臟功能為目標
In heart failure an increase in fluid volume places added stress on the overloaded heart
心力衰竭時,體液量的增加會給負荷過重的心臟增加壓力
Diuretic medications reduce fluid volume and venous return by inhibiting sodium and water reabsorption along the kidney's renal tubular system
利尿藥通過抑制腎臟腎小管系統對鈉和水的重吸收,
increasing the amounts of sodium and water excreted in the urine and the volume of urine produced
增加尿液中鈉和水的排泄量以及尿量,從而減少液體容量和靜脈回流·
ACE inhibitors block hormones in the renin angiotensin aldosterone system
ACE 抑制劑可阻斷腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統中的激素,
dilating vessels
從而擴張血管,
lowering blood volume and venous return
降低血容量和靜脈回流,
decreasing the heart's workload
減輕心臟的工作負荷,
and halting ventricular hypertrophy
阻止心室肥大·
Digoxin is a medication that increases the force of myocardial contractility by raising intracellular sodium and calcium concentrations
地高辛是一種通過提高細胞內鈉和鈣濃度來增加心肌收縮力的藥物·
To compensate for the decreased cardiac output in heart failure
為了補償心衰時心輸出量的減少,
the sympathetic nervous system initiates norepinephrine release
交感神經系統會釋放去甲腎上腺素,從而提高過度勞累的心臟的心率和收縮力·
raising the overworked heart's rate and force of contractions
從而提高過度勞累的心臟的心率和收縮力·
Beta blockers are prescribed to compete with norepinephrine molecules for binding sites on cardiomyocytes
β-受體阻滯劑可與去甲腎上腺素分子競爭心肌細胞上的結合位點,
preventing norepinephrine's effects
阻止去甲腎上腺素的作用,
resulting in reduced speed and strength of the contractions
從而降低收縮的速度和強度,
which can support more efficient circulation through the body
支持更有效的體內循環·