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阿爾茨海默病（Alzheimer’s disease，AD）是一種中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的退行性病變，主要發(fā)生在老年或老年前期。疾病的主要特征包括進(jìn)行性的認(rèn)知功能障礙和行為損害。阿爾茨海默氏病是癡呆癥最常見的形式，可能占病例數(shù)的60-70%。阿爾茨海默病是老年期最常見的一種癡呆類型，并且隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)，患病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也在增加。
阿爾茨海默病的癥狀包括記憶障礙，失語(yǔ)，失用，失認(rèn)以及視空間能力損害等。此外，患者的抽象思維和計(jì)算力也會(huì)損害，常伴隨人格和行為的改變。這種疾病不是傳染的，而是由基因、生活方式和環(huán)境因素共同作用的結(jié)果。
該疾病通常需要長(zhǎng)期治療，目前醫(yī)學(xué)界主要通過藥物和心理治療等方法控制病情發(fā)展，延緩癥狀惡化。盡管阿爾茨海默病目前尚無徹底根治的方法，但通過良好的生活習(xí)慣，包括規(guī)律的體育鍛煉，科學(xué)的飲食，適當(dāng)?shù)纳缃换顒?dòng)可以預(yù)防疾病的發(fā)生和發(fā)展。
阿爾茨海默病的命名來源于首次描述這種疾病的德國(guó)醫(yī)生阿爾茨海默。近年來，阿爾茨海默病的研究取得了重大進(jìn)展，基因技術(shù)、腦成像技術(shù)等在阿爾茨海默病的早期診斷方面發(fā)揮了重要作用，同時(shí)也為理解疾病的發(fā)生機(jī)制提供了新的視角。然而，阿爾茨海默病的確切發(fā)病機(jī)制仍不清楚，如何有效預(yù)防和治療阿爾茨海默病仍然是科學(xué)家們需要努力探索的問題。

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The brain's cognitive functions include memory
大腦的認(rèn)知功能包括記憶、
which is the process of information retention and retrieval
這是信息保留和檢索的過程
Memories form in the hippocampus
記憶在海馬體中形成,
which consists of information processing cells called neurons
它由稱為神經(jīng)元的信息處理細(xì)胞組成
Each neuron receives chemical messages from other neurons via dendrites
每個(gè)神經(jīng)元通過樹突接收來自其他神經(jīng)元的化學(xué)信息,
then converts the message to an electrical charge called an action potential
然后將信息轉(zhuǎn)換為稱為動(dòng)作電位的電荷
In the space between them neurons release stimulatory chemicals called neurotransmitters
在它們之間的空間中,神經(jīng)元釋放稱為神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的刺激化學(xué)物質(zhì),
which bind with receptors on the receiving cell and transfer information
與接收細(xì)胞上的受體結(jié)合并傳遞信息
Alzheimer's disease is a gradual degenerative brain condition
阿爾茨海默病是一種漸進(jìn)性、退化性的大腦疾病
in which neurons in the memory and other cognitive areas of the brain lose function and die
大腦記憶和其他認(rèn)知區(qū)域的神經(jīng)元失去功能并死亡,
resulting in progressive memory loss first
首先導(dǎo)致進(jìn)行性記憶喪失,
then difficulties learning and communicating
然后學(xué)習(xí)和溝通困難,
and eventually
并且,最終,
failing basic functions like breathing
呼吸等基本功能喪失
In healthy neurons
在健康的神經(jīng)元中,
enzymes help process a protein called amyloid precursor protein
酶幫助加工一種稱為淀粉樣前體蛋白的蛋白質(zhì)
into fragments
分成碎片
which help with normal cell function
有助于正常的細(xì)胞功能
In Alzheimer's abnormal enzymatic processing
在阿爾茨海默病中,酶處理異常
produces fragments
產(chǎn)生碎片
that include a sticky peptide called beta amyloid
其中包括一種稱為β淀粉樣蛋白的粘性肽
Beta amyloid accumulates in the extracellular space
β淀粉樣蛋白在細(xì)胞外空間積聚,
forming clumps called amyloid plaques
形成稱為淀粉樣斑塊的團(tuán)塊
These clumps block the electrical and chemical connections between neurons
這些團(tuán)塊阻礙了神經(jīng)元之間的電和化學(xué)連接
Inside healthy neurons
在健康的神經(jīng)元內(nèi)部,
microtubules and tau proteins form an orderly structure
微管和 tau 蛋白形成有序結(jié)構(gòu)
that carries ions and nutrients within the cell
在細(xì)胞內(nèi)攜帶離子和營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)
In Alzheimer's chemical changes inside the neurons damage tau
在阿爾茨海默病中,神經(jīng)元內(nèi)部的化學(xué)變化會(huì)損害 tau 蛋白,
twisting microtubules abnormally into neurofibrillary tangles
微管異常扭曲成神經(jīng)原纖維纏結(jié),
which disrupts ion and nutrient delivery within the cell
它會(huì)破壞細(xì)胞內(nèi)的離子和營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的輸送
As the plaques and tangles multiply throughout brain tissue
隨著斑塊和纏結(jié)在整個(gè)腦組織中繁殖,
neural connections diminish and the malnourished cells lose function
神經(jīng)連接減少,營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良的細(xì)胞失去功能,
resulting in widespread neural death reduced brain mass
導(dǎo)致廣泛的神經(jīng)死亡,腦質(zhì)量減少,
and severe cognitive and functional impairment
以及嚴(yán)重的認(rèn)知和功能障礙
There is no cure for Alzheimer's
阿爾茨海默病無法治愈,
but current treatments include
但目前的治療方法包括
cholinesterase inhibitors
膽堿酯酶抑制劑,
which delay the breakdown of acetylcholine
延緩乙酰膽堿的分解,
a neurotransmitter important for memory and learning
對(duì)記憶和學(xué)習(xí)很重要的神經(jīng)遞質(zhì),
and antiglutamatergic medications
和抗谷氨酸藥物,
which regulate the activity of glutamate
調(diào)節(jié)谷氨酸的活性,
another neurotransmitter essential for memory and learning
另一種對(duì)于記憶和學(xué)習(xí)至關(guān)重要的神經(jīng)遞質(zhì),
by blocking excessive glutamate binding to neurons
通過阻止過量的谷氨酸與神經(jīng)元的結(jié)合,
thus preventing neuronal dysfunction and death
從而防止神經(jīng)元功能障礙和死亡