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肝常見疾病

肝臟是人體第二大器官
它由四個葉組成,
由數百個小葉組成
每個小葉是肝臟的基本結構元素,代謝碳水化合物、脂質和蛋白質
小葉處理葡萄糖,糖是細胞的主要能量來源
來自消化道的葡萄糖流入小葉,在那里肝細胞(肝臟的主要細胞類型)
將多余的葡萄糖儲存為糖原,
并將葡萄糖分配給身體
肝細胞還分泌膽汁,
這有助于身體消化脂質
庫普弗細胞駐留在肝臟中,有助于清除血液中的毒素和細菌
肝細胞還產生凝血因子以防止出血
由肝臟執行的其他重要功能
包括
蛋白質合成,
維生素儲存,
以及舊紅細胞的分解
因為肝臟可以過濾毒素,
它們的積累會導致肝衰竭
慢性肝衰竭,最常見的肝衰竭形式,
最常由長期酗酒引起
或慢效乙型或丙型肝炎感染
慢性肝衰竭通過肝硬化或肝臟疤痕造成損害
隨著時間的推移,細胞會死亡,
它們逐漸被形成結節的疤痕組織所取代
疤痕組織阻礙血液流經肝臟,
減緩營養物質的新陳代謝和毒素的過濾,
肝功能逐漸衰退
急性肝衰竭比慢性肝衰竭少見
急性肝功能衰竭的常見原因是中毒、
例如過量服用對乙酰氨基酚或其他藥物,
或急性感染甲型或乙型肝炎,
迅速殺死肝細胞
肝硬化是不可逆的,
因此治療的重點是停止飲酒,
預防疾病進展和治療并發癥
慢性肝病唯一確定的治療方法是肝移植
有疫苗可以預防甲型肝炎和乙型肝炎感染,但不能預防丙型肝炎
干擾素等抗病毒藥物,
例如利巴韋林,
阻斷病毒性肝炎的復制
當過量服用對乙酰氨基酚引起急性肝功能衰竭時,
它是用N-乙酰半胱氨酸處理的,
通常稱為粘霉菌
如果在服藥過量后不久服用,
mucomyst 幫助肝臟安全地排出對乙酰氨基酚代謝物

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The liver is the second largest organ in the body
肝臟是人體第二大器官
It consists of four lobes
它由四個葉組成,
comprised of hundreds of lobules
由數百個小葉組成
Each lobule the basic structural element of the liver metabolizes carbohydrates lipids and proteins
每個小葉是肝臟的基本結構元素,代謝碳水化合物、脂質和蛋白質
Lobules process glucose the sugar that is the main energy source for cells
小葉處理葡萄糖,糖是細胞的主要能量來源
Glucose from the digestive tract flows into the lobules where hepatocytes the primary cell type in the liver
來自消化道的葡萄糖流入小葉,在那里肝細胞(肝臟的主要細胞類型)
store excess glucose as glycogen
將多余的葡萄糖儲存為糖原,
and distribute glucose to the body
并將葡萄糖分配給身體
Hepatocytes also secrete bile
肝細胞還分泌膽汁,
which helps the body digest lipids
這有助于身體消化脂質
Kupffer cells reside in the liver and help to remove toxins and bacteria from the blood
庫普弗細胞駐留在肝臟中,有助于清除血液中的毒素和細菌
Hepatocytes also produce blood clotting factors to prevent hemorrhage
肝細胞還產生凝血因子以防止出血
Other vital functions performed by the liver
由肝臟執行的其他重要功能
include
包括
protein synthesis
蛋白質合成,
vitamin storage
維生素儲存,
and the breakdown of old red blood cells
以及舊紅細胞的分解
Because the liver filters toxins
因為肝臟可以過濾毒素,
their accumulation can cause liver failure
它們的積累會導致肝衰竭
Chronic liver failure the most common form of liver failure
慢性肝衰竭,最常見的肝衰竭形式,
is most often caused by long term alcohol abuse
最常由長期酗酒引起
or slow acting hepatitis B or C infection
或慢效乙型或丙型肝炎感染
Chronic liver failure causes damage through cirrhosis or scarring of the liver
慢性肝衰竭通過肝硬化或肝臟疤痕造成損害
As cells die over time
隨著時間的推移,細胞會死亡,
they are gradually replaced with scar tissue that forms nodules
它們逐漸被形成結節的疤痕組織所取代
The scar tissue blocks the flow of blood through the liver
疤痕組織阻礙血液流經肝臟,
slowing the metabolism of nutrients and filtration of toxins
減緩營養物質的新陳代謝和毒素的過濾,
gradually diminishing liver function
肝功能逐漸衰退
Acute liver failure is less common than chronic liver failure
急性肝衰竭比慢性肝衰竭少見
Common causes of acute liver failure are poisoning
急性肝功能衰竭的常見原因是中毒、
such as an overdose of acetaminophen or other medications
例如過量服用對乙酰氨基酚或其他藥物,
or acute infection with hepatitis A or B
或急性感染甲型或乙型肝炎,
which rapidly kills hepatocytes
迅速殺死肝細胞
Cirrhosis is not reversible
肝硬化是不可逆的,
so treatment focuses on cessation of alcohol consumption
因此治療的重點是停止飲酒,
prevention of disease progression and treatment of complications
預防疾病進展和治療并發癥
The only definitive treatment for chronic liver disease is a liver transplant
慢性肝病唯一確定的治療方法是肝移植
There are vaccines to prevent infection with hepatitis A and B but not C
有疫苗可以預防甲型肝炎和乙型肝炎感染,但不能預防丙型肝炎
Interferon and other antiviral drugs
干擾素等抗病毒藥物,
such as ribavirin
例如利巴韋林,
block the replication of viral hepatitis
阻斷病毒性肝炎的復制
When acute liver failure is caused by an overdose of acetaminophen
當過量服用對乙酰氨基酚引起急性肝功能衰竭時,
it is treated with N acetylcysteine
它是用N-乙酰半胱氨酸處理的,
commonly known as mucomyst
通常稱為粘霉菌
If administered shortly after an overdose
如果在服藥過量后不久服用,
mucomyst helps the liver safely excrete acetaminophen metabolites
乙酰半胱氨酸幫助肝臟安全地排出對乙酰氨基酚代謝物