自變量與因變量_科學研究方法

研究方法

因變量（dependent variable）函數(shù)中的專業(yè)名詞，也叫函數(shù)值。函數(shù)關(guān)系式中，某些特定的數(shù)會隨另一個（或另幾個）會變動的數(shù)的變動而變動，就稱為因變量。如：Y=f(X)。此式表示為：Y隨X的變化而變化。Y是因變量，X是自變量。

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Independent variable and dependent variable are important terms related to controlled experiments

自變量和因變量是與受控實驗相關(guān)的重要術(shù)語

Remember a controlled experiment is a scientific test in which all conditions are kept constant except for the variable you're testing

請記住,受控實驗是一種科學測試,其中除了您正在測試的變量之外,所有條件都保持不變

The independent variable is the thing you're testing in an experiment

自變量是您在實驗中測試的東西

It's often abbreviated as IV

它通常縮寫為 IV,

and sometimes called the manipulated variable

有時稱為操縱變量

because you change or manipulate this variable

因為你改變或操縱這個變量

In an experiment

在一項實驗中,

the dependent variable is the thing you're observing and measuring

因變量是你正在觀察和測量的東西,

the thing you're anticipating may be affected as a result of exposure to the independent variable

您預(yù)期的事情可能會因暴露于自變量而受到影響

It's often abbreviated as DV

它通常縮寫為 DV,

and sometimes called the responding variable because it responds to the change that you make

有時稱為響應(yīng)變量,因為它響應(yīng)您所做的更改

Let's look at a few examples

讓我們看幾個例子

Suppose your hypothesis is that if students study 15 minutes a night

假設(shè)你的假設(shè)是,如果學生每晚學習 15 分鐘,

then they will have higher test grades than those who don't study at all

那么他們會比那些根本不學習的人有更高的考試成績

What's being changed or manipulated

什么被改變或操縱?

It's whether or not the students study for 15 minutes

在于學生是否學習15分鐘

And what's going to be observed or measured in this experiment

在這個實驗中將觀察或測量什么?

What do you think might be different as a result of this increased study time

您認為增加學習時間可能會帶來什么不同?

You're expecting tests grades will be affected

您預(yù)計考試成績會受到影響

In this experiment the independent variable is the study time

在這個實驗中,自變量是學習時間

And the dependent variable the thing you're measuring or going to observe is the tests grades

因變量,您要測量或要觀察的東西是測試成績

Here's another example

這是另一個例子

See if you can figure it out

看看你是否能弄清楚

This time the hypothesis is that if people who have headaches take aspirin

這次的假設(shè)是,如果頭痛的人服用阿司匹林,

then they will get relief faster than those who don't take aspirin for headaches

那么他們會比那些不服用阿司匹林治療頭痛的人更快地得到緩解

So what's the thing that's different in this case

那么,這個案例有什么不同呢?

The thing that's different the independent variable is whether or not somebody is taking an aspirin

不同的是,自變量是某人是否服用阿司匹林

Then what are you going to measure

那么你要測量什么?

You're measuring how long it takes for their headache to go away

您正在測量他們的頭痛需要多長時間才能消失

That's the dependent variable

這就是因變量

Here's a final example to help you understand these terms

這是幫助您理解這些術(shù)語的最后一個示例

You predict that if a brand name light bulb is left on continuously

你預(yù)測如果一個名牌燈泡持續(xù)亮著,

then it will burn longer than a bargain brand light bulb used in the same manner

那么它會比以相同方式使用的廉價品牌燈泡燃燒更長時間

In this case what is the independent variable

在這種情況下,自變量是什么?

It's the brand name light bulb

這是名牌燈泡

What are you measuring

你在測量什么?

You're measuring how many hours the light bulbs work before burning out which is the dependent variable

您正在測量燈泡在燒壞之前工作了多少小時,這是因變量

The independent variable is the brand name light bulb and the dependent variable is the amount of time the light bulbs work before burning out

自變量是品牌燈泡,因變量是燈泡燒壞之前的工作時間

So to review the independent variable is the thing that you're testing

因此,回顧一下,自變量就是您正在測試的東西

Sometimes this is referred to as the cost in an experiment

有時這被稱為實驗成本

It is also the "if" part of your hypothesis

這也是你的假設(shè)的"如果"部分

The dependent variable the thing you're measuring is the effect

因變量,即您正在測量的東西,就是效果

It is also the "then" part of your hypothesis

這也是你的假設(shè)的"然后"部分

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