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皮膚損傷,例如割傷、擦傷或刺傷,會殺死附近的細胞
損害底層結構并觸發修復皮膚的復雜過程
傷口愈合是一個三步過程
受傷后立即開始炎癥階段
血管收縮以減少失血
然后,血小板到達并堵塞漏洞
血小板栓啟動凝血機制
通過促進血漿蛋白(稱為凝血因子)的反應
相互作用形成纖維蛋白凝塊
血栓形成后,血管舒張
并變得更加多孔,使白細胞能夠離開血管并在受傷部位聚集
在這個稱為吞噬作用的過程中,
白細胞吞噬碎片并殺死細菌,
降低感染風險
增殖期在受傷后兩天到三周開始
增殖階段的第一步是顆粒化
結締組織細胞,稱為成纖維細胞,
鋪設膠原蛋白基質,加固傷口并為其他細胞提供結構
然后膠原蛋白收縮,將傷口邊緣拉合在一起
血管生成,或新血管的生長,
幾乎同時開始,為修復細胞提供氧氣
上皮化是保護性皮膚屏障的恢復
上皮細胞從傷口邊緣遷移,
受到痂的保護,直到他們相遇
最終結痂脫落
重塑階段在受傷后幾周開始,可持續數年
在此階段,傷口床上會形成新的、更有組織的膠原蛋白基質,并且毛細血管會消失,
留下無血管疤痕
傷口愈合的一種可能的并發癥是疤痕疙瘩的形成
肉芽組織過度生長導致疤痕疙瘩
超出原來傷口的邊界
疤痕疙瘩主要由膠原蛋白組成,生長緩慢
它們不會自發消退,并且在切除后往往會復發
疤痕疙瘩常見的初始治療包括多次注射皮質類固醇,以幫助縮小疤痕的大小

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An injury to the skin such as a cut scrape or puncture wound kills nearby cells
皮膚損傷,例如割傷、擦傷或刺傷,會殺死附近的細胞
and damages underlying structures and triggers the complex process of repairing the skin
損害底層結構并觸發修復皮膚的復雜過程
Wound healing is a three step process
傷口愈合是一個三步過程
The inflammatory phase begins immediately upon injury
受傷后立即開始炎癥階段
Blood vessels constrict to reduce blood loss
血管收縮以減少失血
Then platelets arrive to plug the leak
然后,血小板到達并堵塞漏洞
The platelet plug initiates the clotting mechanism
血小板栓啟動凝血機制
by facilitating the reactions of plasma proteins called clotting factors
通過促進血漿蛋白(稱為凝血因子)的反應
which interact to form a fibrin clot
相互作用形成纖維蛋白凝塊
After the clot forms the blood vessels vasodilate
血栓形成后,血管舒張
and become more porous to allow white blood cells to leave the blood vessel and populate at the site of injury
并變得更加多孔,使白細胞能夠離開血管并在受傷部位聚集
During this process called phagocytosis
在這個稱為吞噬作用的過程中,
white blood cells eat debris and kill bacteria
白細胞吞噬碎片并殺死細菌,
reducing the risk of infection
降低感染風險
The proliferative phase begins two days to three weeks after injury
增殖期在受傷后兩天到三周開始
The first step in the proliferative stage is granulation
增殖階段的第一步是顆粒化
Connective tissue cells called fibroblasts
結締組織細胞,稱為成纖維細胞,
lay a matrix of collagen that reinforces the wound and provides structure for other cells
鋪設膠原蛋白基質,加固傷口并為其他細胞提供結構
Collagen then contracts to pull together the margins of the wound
然后膠原蛋白收縮,將傷口邊緣拉合在一起
Angiogenesis or the growth of new blood vessels
血管生成,或新血管的生長,
begins almost simultaneously and supplies oxygen to the repairing cells
幾乎同時開始,為修復細胞提供氧氣
Epithelialization is the restoration of the protective skin barrier
上皮化是保護性皮膚屏障的恢復
Epithelial cells migrate from the margins of the wound
上皮細胞從傷口邊緣遷移,
protected by the scab until they meet
受到痂的保護,直到他們相遇
Eventually the scab falls off
最終結痂脫落
The remodeling phase begins several weeks after the injury and can continue for years
重塑階段在受傷后幾周開始,可持續數年
During this phase a new more organized collagen matrix forms in the wound bed and capillaries disappear
在此階段,傷口床上會形成新的、更有組織的膠原蛋白基質,并且毛細血管會消失,
leaving an avascular scar
留下無血管疤痕
One possible complication of wound healing is keloid formation
傷口愈合的一種可能的并發癥是疤痕疙瘩的形成
A keloid results from an overgrowth of granulation tissue
肉芽組織過度生長導致疤痕疙瘩
extending beyond the borders of the original wound
超出原來傷口的邊界
Composed of mostly collagen keloids are slow growing
疤痕疙瘩主要由膠原蛋白組成,生長緩慢
They do not regress spontaneously and tend to reoccur after excision
它們不會自發消退,并且在切除后往往會復發
A common initial treatment for keloids includes multiple injections of corticosteroids to help reduce the size of the scar
疤痕疙瘩常見的初始治療包括多次注射皮質類固醇,以幫助縮小疤痕的大小