人類文明迄今已經歷了原始文明、農業文明和工業文明，目前，人類社會正處在由工業文明向生態文明的轉型期。工業文明是以經濟快速發展、社會財富不斷快速增長為標志，極大地滿足人們對物質的需求，由于工業文明的快速發展，中國已成為世界制造業大國，隨之而來的是資源的過度開采，特別是在科技水平不高的條件下，形成資源的高開采、高耗能、高排放、低產出。我國是一個資源相對貧窮的國家，無論是礦產資源、淡水資源、還是森林資源，人均擁有量遠低于世界水平，資源的瓶頸直接約束著我國經濟社會的可持續發展，倡導生態文明勢在必行。
Industrial civilization is marked by rapid economic growth, and a constant increase of social wealth in a fast pace. and it greatly satisfies human beings’ material needs. Due to the fast development of industrial civilization, China has become a manufacturing giant in the world. However, the subsequent over-exploitation of resources, especially the one under low-tech conditions, leads to a phenomenon featuring by excessive mining, high energy consumption, high emission and low productivity. China is a country which is relatively poor in natural resources, and Chinese people’s per capita share of resources is far below the world’s average, be it mineral resources, fresh water or forest reserves. The bottleneck effect of resources restrains the sustainable development of China’s economy and society, so the promotion of ecological civilization is imperative under this circumstance.
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